“To what degree is a local NPO Branches of Hope is supporting refugees to be contributing members of the society? A study of contributing capacities of African Refugees in Hong Kong”
“To what degree is a local NPO Branches of Hope is supporting refugees to be contributing members of the society? A study of contributing capacities of African Refugees in Hong Kong”
Author’s Declaration
Chapter-One
Introduction
|
Chapter
summary This chapter depicts the background of the research, why this
issue has been taken as a research topic. What has the significance of the
issue is, illustration and statement on the issue also been discussed here.
Research objective, an overview of the analytical framework, methodology,
research question, and a brief overview of research has been given in this
chapter. |
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|
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1.The role and
impact of BOH on Refugees (A) |
Measure-ment
(B) |
2.Capacities of Refugees (C) |
Measure- Ment (D) |
3.How they are
contributing (E) |
Measurement (F) |
||
|
Impact
of programme & services - which are most effective and important |
A.1 |
Relief Programs
(Social Services and Financial Assistance |
Rating
by refugees on what they found most effective. |
a) Education b) Technical capacity c) Producing capacity |
Level |
a)Income/taxes b)GDP c)Production d)Low cost Labour |
a)Per capita income Or Growth rate b)Availability of labour in local market |
|
B.2 |
C.2 |
D.2 |
E.2 |
E.2 |
|||
|
A.2 |
Development
Programs (Integration, Resettlement and voluntary repatriation ) |
Rating by
refugees of what extent they visualized Growth & Development |
a)Skills b) Mental ability c)Cooperation d) Financial capacity |
Type |
a)Charitable donations b)Economic development c)Human Development d)Volunteer Support |
Socio, economic and cultural
development |
|
|
A.3 |
Social Reform Programs (public awareness, public education, partnership, media releases and
appeals. |
B.3 |
C.3 |
D.3 |
E.3 |
E.3 |
|
|
Rating by refugees
of what degree they find social change |
a) Social networking b)Empowerment capacity c) Participation capacity d)Leadership capacity e)Awareness capacity |
Nature |
a)Knowledge of language and culture b)Mediator as intercultural exchange c)Social
entrepreneur d)Social contribution |
Social &
Behavioural Change |
|||
Table 1: Indicator Framework
1.4 Methodology of the Study (Research design, Methods and Sources)
For any research, it is essential to define the process involved in designing a study and to validate how the specific research design that a researcher decides to use helps to arrange the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data (D. Nachmias & Naachmias, 1997). As the aim of this study is to explore the contributing capacities of African refugees in Hong Kong. This research will be exploratory in nature while the mixed-method approach will be employed which incorporates both qualitative and quantitative tools. The qualitative approach seeks to build detail and deep analysis of the empirical situation and at the same time, a quantitative approach (survey) will be used to draw the gross view of the current scenario based on people’s perceptions regarding the research topic. Following part sums up the tools and methods to be used in the research:
v Literature Review: Considering the
aim of this research, secondary data will be collected from published books,
journals, articles, e-book, newspaper, and report of different organizations
which are related to this study.
Qualitative tools: As mentioned earlier, as a part of the mixed-method research, data will be collected from both primary and secondary sources. While using qualitative tools, data collection will take place from both individual and group level sources. As an individual respondent, several faces to face interviews will be conducted.
v Quantitative tool (Survey): As a part of the quantitative mode of data collection, a sample survey will be conducted, and to serve that purpose, a structured questionnaire will be prepared. As planned, before finalizing the survey questionnaire, a pilot survey will be done in a limited mode.
v Sampling and Analysis Plan:
A totality of 50 respondents will be selected from
the inhabitants of Sub Saharan African Refugee in Hong Kong. Collected data
will be organized characteristically and the coding activities will be done
manually. Prepared data will be analyzed statistically with data analysis
software ‘MS Excel’ and will be presented in the report accordingly. In the
whole research process, ethical ground and confidentiality will be maintained
strictly.
v Methodology at a
glance:
|
Tools |
Who and What |
Why |
|
|
Qualitative tool |
Content analysis |
As part of the study, brief review of available literature and
government policies, articles, books, research papers and other materials
related to the research issues will be reviewed |
To know the different initiatives and previous study. |
|
KII |
Members of Branches of Hope. |
To gather a detail and deep picture of situation, total KII will be
conducted. With the intention to understand the realistic situation of
research areas |
|
|
Quantitative tool |
Interview (survey) |
50 African Refugees (face to face, by telephone, Skype and paper-based
questionnaire) |
To portraying the gross scenario of the target areas and issues |
Table-2:
Methodology of the Study
As this is a social science study, there are five more chapters have been discussed in this research to obtain the purposes of the study. After all, there are some strategies that have been applied in this study to find out the study questions as well as objectives under several chapters.
The literature review in chapter two has illustrated the key concept relevant to the topics which focuses the previous study to identify the study gap and the reason why the study endeavour so. Chapter three has emphasized research objectives and methodologies under the banner of the analytical framework which has been used to get the real scenario of African refugees and their contribution capacities to the HK society. In this way, chapter four as well as discussion of the case chapter has dealt with the deep observation of the study plot under analysing the significance. The findings & discussion part under chapter five has demonstrated the study which is the core portion of this study where survey information on both BOH and African refugees has been illustrated to identify the main purposes of this study. In chapter six based on study observation, some recommendations have been discussed to remove all barriers of African refugees regarding their contribution. In fine, this study has focused on the references and appendix portion which are also the core part of the study for analysing the validity, reality, and significance of the study. However, the main and core purpose of this study is to analyse the contributing capacities of African refugees in Hong Kong through contributing supports of local NPO i.e Branches of Hope.
Chapter -
Two
Literature
Review
|
Chapter summary This chapter delineates the key concepts of the relevant topic. This chapter also focuses on the key issues of Sub Saharan African refuges in Hong Kong under several relevant studies. And largely, this chapter will try to find out the study gap based on the study topics regarding previous studies. |
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|
In this study, this chapter provides an analysis of
previous studies based on secondary documents. Before going to review of
literature, a brief concept about refugees had been discussed here. Currently,
more than 70 million people became homeless who are treated refugees in
different parts around the world (CARE, 2020). Among them, most are from Sub
Saharan African. And in Hong Kong, currently, approximately 8% (13,000) of its
total population are refugees (Guest, 2020). However, any person who has been
forced to flee his or her country because of persecution, war, or violence is
called a refugee.
In this regard, the United Nations Geneva Convention has
defined refugees. Geneva Convention 1951 articulates, “any person who owing to
a well-founded fear of being offended for reasons of race, religion,
nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion, is
outside the country of his nationality is called a refugee. Moreover, any
person who is unable to or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself
of the protection of his country; or who, not having a nationality and being
outside the country of his former customary residence as a result of race,
religion, and other forcing reason is also called a refugee.” (United Nations
General Assembly, 1951). Nevertheless, in Hong Kong, there are several studies
are conducted on refugees' issues. Some of these relevant kinds of literature
are conversing here.
E. Haddad explained about refugees in his study named
‘The refugee in international society’. He thought that when the state system
fails to maintain the state-citizens-territory relationship to ensure order and
justice then the ‘amount of the refugee' is constituted by the international system
(Haddad, 2008) In this regard, he had given an instance how a country is
responsible for making its people refugee. He argued, when the states' chaotic
political system is incapable to maintain state stability, secure citizens'
safety, or cope with territorial conflicts then it may lead to political
disorder, social injustice, and human rights violation.
Most of the researchers define refugees in similar lines or with the addition of broader challenges of life. In the study of “Impact of refugee population on development: A comparative analysis for the case of host economies” Kouni illiterates, refugees are people forced to leave their native countries due to racial, religious or ethnic persecution and they are unable to return their home country. Such refugees are initially known as asylum seekers unless given the status of refugees by the host country. Such people experience a challenging socio-economic life and hence their lens to predict consequences of social and economic challenges is better than any common citizen of the host country. This experience often develops their practical exposure for social and economic contribution (Kouni, 2018)
It
is a well-known strategy that developed economies or countries have strict
citizenship laws and the issuance of work permits for foreigners. Hong Kong has
implemented different measures to control the inflow of refugees. Similar to
any other developed economy Hong Kong authorities want to protect its citizens
by securing jobs and economic opportunities to its native citizens. Refugees
and their right to work create competition and cause a reduction of pays in the
open job market as well as the outflow of money from the national economy
(Accattoli, 2019).
According
to Article 23 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the right to work
to earn livelihoods for anyone is a fundamental right. Such laws create the
working opportunities of Refugees anywhere in the world, but researchers have
established refugees mostly live under vulnerable social and economic circumstances,
and gradually this condition is going worse with an upsurge in global economic
challenges. Hong Kong is not an exception and facing challenges of asylum
seekers and refugees from neighboring China and Africa (Accattoli, 2019)
The
African region is far behind modern emerging economies and hence most Africans
seek immigration or asylum in developed or developing economies to live with a
better socio-economic status. These refugees include skilled and unskilled
workers who work either as foreign domestic helpers, corporate employees, and
businessman. Kouni, (2018) concluded
that refugees contribute significantly positive, particularly in countries with
high and lower middle income.
According to a recent statistics and reporting of Hong Kong Government, Hong Kong is accepting asylum seekers at the rate of 0.6% which is far below the global average acceptance rate of 43%, especially as compared with Europe’s which is accepting at the rate of 60% (About Refugees, 2020). And it is also highlighted than around 14000 people are protection claimant and most of them from Africa and Asia.
T. C. T. Shum (2019) developed a study named, “Conceptualizing integrative exchanges: marginalization, music, and identity of the African diaspora in Hong Kong”. In this studies, he mainly focused on, to measure the contribution of refugees in any society it is important to address their role in creating new jobs, the unique skill set they possess and generation of money by creating new businesses (Shum T. C., 2019)
Stadler,
in his study named “The challenged nation-state’, articulated that, Refugees'
social contribution is important particularly when native citizens of the host
country consider them as a liability on the economy and resistant to social
change (Stadler, 2016). Also, the settlement of refugees contributes by
expanding the working population of any host country. Diversity is important
for creating a culture of innovation, hospitality, and openness.
Stadler
further argued, in such a competitive world where technology is emerging at a
rapid pace customizability of products and services is considered an important
feature. People with different mindsets, cultures, and socio-economic status
add value to the existing product development and services provision. Conversely,
such value addition depends on the skill set refugees with bring with them and
their intellectual potential to learn new skills and assistance provided to
them for integration into the new society (Stadler, 2016)
The
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) gives aid to the
countries and non-profit organizations to uplift the living conditions of
asylum seekers in refugee camps as well as to develop their skillset (Stadler,
2016). On one hand, such initiatives increase inbound cash flow for the
economy, and on the other side skill-building and refugee integration programs
is a source of provision of the workforce. UNHCR mostly donate funds to reduce
the economic burden of the hosting country. These funds generally spent on
feeding, clothing, and sheltering refugees in camps. However, development
programs are also in place to polish the skills of refugees under human
resource development experts (Stadler, 2016).
Another
Study on asylum seekers or refugees tiled "the Discrimination Experience
based on the residency status of Asylum seeker/ Refugee in Hong Kong"
(March 2019) Prepared by NG
Suetyi Michelle, LAW Timyan, YEUNG Tszning reviewed and analyzed the existing
history and news reports on asylum seekers and refugees in Hong Kong. This study
mainly illustrated the actual discrimination that ASRs (Asylum seekers
refugees) are facing at the daily, operational, and policy levels by
investigating. At the daily level, especially on receiving services from the
shopkeepers, cashiers at supermarkets, taxi drivers’ asylum seekers, and
refugees are experienced different discrimination (YEUNG, Timyan, & NG,
2019, March). Asylum seekers and refugees experienced unfriendliness, insulting
hostility on the street, and they have difficulties in seeking help in housing,
getting medical services, education/ library, Immigration Department, and
judicial trial/ procedures. At the policy level, they faced discrimination from
the immigration/ asylum-seeking systems, limited access to rights to social
welfare, and the prohibition from work. Due to a lack of knowledge,
misunderstanding towards the ASR community, race, or color discrimination
mainly occurs. Which affects ASR’s security, mental health, human development,
etc. in Hong Kong. And this information is derived from this study which is
most important to understand the actual condition of refugees in HK. It also
evaluated the functions of the Race Discrimination Ordinance (RDO), concerning
international standards of human rights in protecting ASR from discrimination,
and providing recommendations to community advocates, policymakers, and govt.
The major findings of this study showed that behind discrimination skin color
is one of the significant factors.
Additionally,
"Asylum Seekers as Symbols of Hong Kong’s Neon- Cheesiness" (2018) study conducted by Gordon Mathews.
This study mainly focused on the conditions of asylum seekers and refugees in
Hong Kong and how it has changed in recent years. This study showed firstly
Hong Kong treats asylum seekers relatively well compared to some other
societies, but at the same time, the chance of being accepted as a refugee is
virtually zero. As it is illegal for asylum seekers to work, they cannot live
without employment and other opportunities with given the minuscule government
support. After the Umbrella Movement young people of HK treated asylum seekers
as heroes instead of govt. neglect. Whereas in years past, asylum seekers were
generally ignored or looked down upon by Hongkongers, among some youth today,
asylum seekers have emerged as symbols of Hong Kong’ non-Cheesiness (Gordon,
2018)
Taylor et al, (2016) explained the study of the economic impact of refugees. In this study, he illustrated the economic indicators that are the financial assistance received by hosting country, consumer market trends, and other similar parameters in neighboring areas of refugee camps. Refugees spending and financial assistance incoming from UNHCR or NGO programs and their relationship with hosting country economy are explained using simulation modeling techniques. Most of the economic indicators will be adapted from the same study and modified to conduct interviews to give qualitative answers to the proposed study (Gupta, Alloush, J, & Taylor, 2016).
In
the past few years, different scholars and authors have extensively written
about refugees, but preliminary literature review shows that these past studies
were primarily focused on trying to understand the reasons of refugees flee
their countries, which countries are affected the most and the challenges they
face in their host countries (Williams, 2019). There have been limited studies
showing the positive contributions of African refugees later on in those
resettling in Hong Kong and other Asian countries. The studies about African
Refugees in Hong Kong have been mainly about healthcare- factors impacting the
health and well-being of African refugees, and no progress has been made on
studying their positive contributions. Refugees from Sub Saharan Africa are
integrated and mobilized similarly to immigrants from other regions of the
world (Lau, 2019)
However, a comprehensive study is needed to analyze the social and economic contributions of refugees from Sub Saharan Africa in Hong Kong with the skills they possess or learned during the different refugee development programs or by the government agencies to improve the conditions of refugees.
Chapter-Three
Analytical
Framework
|
Chapter
summary This chapter depicts the preferred framework and methodology
that has been used in this study. In this study, the analytical framework may
simply be the aspect of the topic that has to be investigated i.e data
collection, analysis, and indicator development strategies. |
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|
An analytical framework is designed to structure the logical thinking of the research systemically. The following framework (figure-) aims to define how to evaluate the contributing capacities of African refugees in Hong Kong societies under the contributing support of Branches of Hope. Branches of Hope is a renounce Non-Profit Organization (NPO) in Hong Kong.
The main aim of Branches of Hope is to help all the refugees in Hong Kong Specially African Refugees holistically so that they can build their capacities to be contributing members of the Hong Kong Society. There are two branches of hope, one is STOP (Stop Trafficking of People) and another is ROAD (Refugee Opportunity and Development). Between two, ROAD deals African Refugees as an integral part of Branches of Hope. However, Branches of Hope provides three main amenities including Relief, Development, and Social reform.
Relief activities include social services like emergency relief, accommodation search, sourcing in-kind donations, medical care, and legal advice referrals, home and hospital visits, counseling and support groups, and financial assistance like rental assistance transportation subsidies education funds medical fee support school books and uniforms.
Development activities include integration like education and learning, livelihood support; resettlement services like sponsorship search, support and integration assistance for resettlement to a third country; and voluntary repatriation. Social reform activities include advocacy to raise public awareness, public education and partnership, and media releases and appeals.
Through the above activities, Branches of Hope mainly motivates
and supports refugee especially African refugees to be contributing members of
Hong Kong society. And along with trying to restore dignity, justice, and hope
to such vulnerable and marginalized groups in Hong Kong. The supporting
role of Branches of Hope to evaluate the contributing capacities of the African
refugees in Hong Kong society will be analyzed using the following Indicator
Framework.
3.1 Indicator Framework
Since the
aim is to explore the contributing capacities of African refugees in Hong Kong,
indicator framework will be helpful to assess the capacity, strength, and
ability of African refugees under the support of Branches of Hope.
|
1.The role and
impact of BOH on Refugees (A) |
Measure-ment
(B) |
2.Capacities
of Refugees (C) |
Measure- Ment (D) |
3.How they are
contributing (E) |
Measurement (F) |
||
|
Impact
of programme & services - which are most effective and important |
A.1 |
Relief Programs
(Social Services and Financial Assistance
|
Rating
by refugees on what they found most effective. |
a) Education
b) Technical capacity
c) Producing capacity
|
Level |
a)Income/taxes
b)GDP
c)Production
d)Low cost Labour |
a)Per capita income
Or Growth rate
b)Availability of labour in local market |
|
B.2 |
C.2 |
D.2 |
E.2 |
E.2 |
|||
|
A.2 |
Development
Programs (Integration, Resettlement and voluntary repatriation ) |
Rating by
refugees of what extent they visualized Growth & Development
|
a)Skills
b) Mental ability
c)Cooperation
d) Financial capacity
|
Type |
a)Charitable donations
b)Economic development
c)Human Development
d)Volunteer Support
|
Socio, economic and cultural
development
|
|
|
A.3 |
Social Reform Programs (public awareness, public education, partnership, media releases and
appeals.
|
B.3 |
C.3 |
D.3 |
E.3 |
E.3 |
|
|
Rating by
refugees of what degree they find social change
|
a) Social networking
b)Empowerment capacity
c) Participation capacity
d)Leadership capacity
e)Awareness capacity
|
Nature
|
a)Knowledge of language and culture
b)Mediator as intercultural exchange
c)Social
entrepreneur d)Social contribution |
Social &
Behavioural Change
|
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Table 2: Indicator Framework
The Indicator Framework[1] in
table 2 shows the synopsis of this study and based on this analytical framework
data will be collected and analyzed in forward.
In the above figure, the analytical framework has been
illustrated according to the research questions and measurement which emphasize
on impact of program & services of BOH. And assume the strategy which is
most effective and important to make the African refuge a contributing member
of the Hong Kong society.
To make the Analytical Framework more reliable and
understandable, it has been presented in a table where the whole table is
categorized into six columns (A-F). Also, in the above table, column (A) shows
the first questions of the study [“The role and impact of BOH on Refugees (A)]
and column (B) shows the measurement strategy of questions 1 based on the
opinions of SSAFs. Under question 1, it has been observed that currently,
Branches of Hope are working for implementing 3 core vision as well as roles
under a series of missions for supporting the refuges i.e Sub Saharan African
refuges welfare and development. The three core roles of Branches of Hope are
Relief Programs, Development Programs, and Social Reform Programs which are
playing a vital role in providing humanitarian supports to ensure the
development of Sub Saharan African refuges in Hong Kong. And it is strongly
assumed that Branches of Hope should greatly change the situations of that
refuges in implementing their services in this regard.
Under the Relief Programs, (shows in column A.1) BOH
provides social services like emergency relief, accommodation search, sourcing
in-kind donations, medical care, and legal advice referrals, home and hospital
visits, counseling and support groups and under financial assistance, BOH
provides multiple services like rental assistance transportation subsidies
education funds medical fee support school books and uniforms which are
increasing the capacities of Sub Saharan African refuges regarding education,
technical, and production sectors which have also been shown in above table in
column (C) under the second questions of the study [Capacities of Refugees
(C)].
And in column (E), it has been perceived that after implementing
such contributing activities of Branches of Hope (BOH), Sub Saharan African
Refuge (ARs) will have contributed to a greater extent to the HK society. Like
they will contribute to increase the GDP growth rate and revenues of Hong Kong
through providing taxes, levy, low cost labor and increasing production which
has been revealed in column (F) under measurement segment.
Conversely, Under the Development Programs, (shows in column
A.2) under questions 1, BOH provides various integration services like education
and learning, livelihood support; and resettlement
services like sponsorship search, support and integration assistance for
resettlement to a third country; and voluntary repatriation which are played
dynamic role to upsurge the capacity of African refugees to contribute in HK
society where its measurement has been shown in B.2. Besides, the increasing
capacities (skills, mental ability, cooperation and financial capacity) of
refugees are showed in column C.2.
Additionally, column (E) under the study question 3 has been
seeming that after executing such contributing activities of Branches of Hope
(BOH), Sub Saharan African Refuge (ARs) will have contributed to a greater
extent to the HK society. Similarly, they will more contribute to increase the
charitable donations, economic development, human development and volunteer
Support in crisis moment which has been shown in column E.2 and its measurement
of Socio, economic and cultural development has shown in column (F.2) In column
A.3 shows another role of Branches of Hope that is Social Reform Programs which
includes public awareness, public education, partnership, media releases and
appeals programs and undoubtedly such programs play a significant role to
increase the capacities of ARs by improving social networking capacity,
empowerment capacity, participation capacity, leadership capacity and awareness
capacity which has been shown in C.3.
And it is highly presumed that such capacities will be
contributed to the HK society through developing knowledge of language and
culture, mediator role as intercultural exchange, social entrepreneur and
social contributors where column E.3 shows the expected measurement of the
study as social & behavioral change of Honk Kong society. In fine,
indicator framework has played a significant to analyze and explain the study
in concerning methodology and research questions.
[1]
Symbol A-
shows the role and impact of BOH on Refugees; Symbol A.1 shows Relief Programs;
Symbol A.2 shows Development Programs; Symbol B shows Measurement (B.2, B.3);
Symbol C shows Capacities of Refugees (C.2, C.3); Symbol D shows Measurement
(D.2, D.3); and Symbol E shows contributing types (E.2, E,3); and finally
symbol F shows Measurement (F.2, F.3).
Chapter-Fourth
Discussion
of the Case
|
Chapter
summary This chapter illustrates the significance of the study as well
as the main case or and try to find out the uniqueness of the study.
Moreover, this chapter also demonstrates the data collection process and
illustrates the main purposes of collecting data under the plot of the study. |
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|
In the world, refugee’s numbers are increasing day by day
due to environmental factors, wars, resource scarcity, conflict, race, etc.
There is a misconception that these increasing refugees are a financial burden
for the host countries. But it oblivions that these vulnerable people to be a
human resource to a host country. If it facilitates them they will be an asset
for a country. Nevertheless, refugees can also contribute to socioeconomic,
political, and cultural development in society by providing skills and
resources, and ensuring production capacity and consumption demand. It is just
a need for humanitarian responses to the refugee crisis with more long time
development-oriented responses to strengthen their capacity.
However, there have been many controversial extensive
studies on refugees in the world where many scholars have tried to find out the
causes of growing refuges around the world, their impact on the economy as well
as to the host countries and their sufferings [Martin (2005)]. Some scholars
and studies arguing the positive and negative impacts of such refugees in the
world as well as host countries. Other scholars even mainstream media have
written about how refugees are a source of negative public health as camps
where they lived. They argued, the increases crowded creating an easy spread of
infectious diseases using terms as “illegal immigrants”, and “fake
refugees”(Refugee Ministry HK 2016). Besides these studies, the number of
authors and scholars cited straight that refugees are not always a financial
burden for a nation but they tend to contribute adversely to the safety,
political, social, and economy of States. (Turkoglu & Chadefaux, 2018). In
supporting these studies, Kibreab (1985) several years ago, documented that refugees
can positively stimulate development and help boost economies in the host
society.
Refugees will be one of the significant sources of
revenue. They can provide taxes. They can produce
more production. They can accelerate trade and investment by bringing their
skills and capacity as human capital stock in this regard. In the sphere of
generating employment opportunities, refugees may contribute and attract aid
and humanitarian investments from donors. For instance, infrastructure, which
would benefit refugees as well as society as a whole. Also, refugees stimulate
consumption for their necessities helps to accelerate trade and transport and
boosting GDP (EU, 2016).
Conversely, it has been observed that in many cases, refugees come with
knowledge and experience of value to the receiving country and with a
commitment to learning new talents. In this regard, refugees could play a
significant role in the human and economic development if they get employment opportunities
where employment opportunity provides a scope to fulfill personal aspirations,
achieve financial independence, and build social networks of such refugees.
Further, they can play an important role to minimize the gaps in the labor
market by utilizing their knowledge, skills, and training. They can also bring
new perspectives to workplaces like contribute to social security, act as
mediators in intercultural exchanges, so
that host countries' socio-cultural diversity is seen in a more positive light.
(Ourworld, 2019).
The purpose of this study is to find out what degree can refugees
contribute to their new home countries and to what factors are most in enabling
them to contribute to society. In every bit of moment’s refugees especially African
Refugees (ARs) are increasing around the world due to the environmental factors
as well as wars and resource scarcity.
In this regard, it becomes very important to determine if refugees can
contribute to their societies and if there are factors to facilitate, the
society, as well as the host country, will be benefited to a greater
extent. This study would then like to
emphasize why economic inclusion of such refugees in their host country is a
key as it not only restores dignity to displaced people who would have lost
most and all of their possessions and lives but boost the economy by using
their experience and skills through entrepreneurship and access to labor
markets. Further added that the prime
goal of this study is to find out the level or nature in which refugees can
effectively contribute to their host country (HK) and find out some factors
that enable them to be a human resource. If refugees get the required
opportunity to flourish themselves, they can use their own ability, quality,
and other efficiency and effectiveness to ensure the socio-economic, cultural,
and political development of host countries. So it needs to help them at all
levels by govt. and other organizations. Many NGOs support vulnerable groups
all over the world. Branches of Hope is such a local non-profit organization in
HK that continuously supports African refugees in HK. But this support is not
enough for refugees because they need policy and legal help to survive in the
new home country. Through this study, it can be said that refugees can be
contributing members in society by the inclusion of refugees in all
socio-economic, political, and cultural sector by using their experience and
skills through entrepreneurship opportunities and access to labor markets.
Above all, another reason why conducting this study is
the experience of conducting similar projects in mainland China of documenting
what Africans regardless of their status are doing in Asia. It is assumed that
many Africans are deprived to be part of scholarly discourse that covering some
gaps that might be there and provide opportunities that can lead to the shaping
of social policies which will be of help and beneficial to people of African
Descent. Lastly, it is observed that most of the studies have been done on non-African
refugees and for this reason, the researcher of this study emphasizes this
plot.
In the line with this discussion, it is also mentioned
that to get the real scenario of ARs in HK, a mixed-method approach will be
employed applied in this study which incorporates both qualitative and
quantitative tools. The qualitative approach seeks to build detail and deep
analysis of the empirical situation and at the same time, a quantitative
approach (survey) will be used to draw the gross view of the current scenario
based on people’s perceptions regarding the research topic.
In this study under the qualitative method, content
analysis, Key Informant Interviews (KII), Focus Group Discussion (FGD) tools
have been used. In content analysis, secondary data regarding African refugees
in Hong Kong has been used from several studies, books, dailies and web
sources, KII has been used to bring and use the key information from the
influential respondents in this study like members of BOH. And FGD methods have
been used in this study to bring the unique information of the issue where the
respondents are also the African refugees in HK whose age belongs to
25-50. In the quantitative approach, survey tools have been used under the
interview method to collect primary data of the study where paper-based
questionnaire, social networking tools like zoom, what’s app, phone and others
tool has been used to gather primary information of the issues. Essentially,
the above methods and tools have been used in this study with a view to making
this research unique through authentic information.
After all, this study depicts that the policymakers of
the current era are increasingly recognizing the importance of fixing
humanitarian assistance to longer-term development planning of the refugees.
(OECD, 2017). So, to prepare a suitable policy for the refugees in
HK, empirical knowledge is required for policymakers. That’s why this study is
an endeavor so.
Chapter-Five
Findings
and Discussion of the Study
|
Chapter
summary
Qualitative and quantitative data are presented here.
Data of the study as well as analysis of the survey data and evidence,
interview of the stakeholder are given here. That is so that, in precisely,
this chapter demonstrates the findings of the study based on the previous
discussion as well as analytical framework and methodologies where
illustrated through the qualitative data presentation of the view of African Refugees (ARs) and official members
of Branches of Hope (BOH) based on the research questions. |
|
|
Branches
of Hope is a Hong Kong-registered non-profit organization established by the
Vine Church. Their mission is to restore dignity, justice, and hope to the
marginalized and vulnerable in Hong Kong. Branches of Hope serve approximately 600
refugees, with 200 of whom are Africans. They support the refugees in three
domains relief where they cater for humanitarian needs social and financial
assistance; a development which involves integration by offering learning
programs, job placements and assisting those who might want to return to their
countries; and social reforms where they advocate and create awareness about
refugee issues.
Through
these different programs not only did their refugee community grow but they
also saw that many of them thrived and flourished hence the interest in
assessing to what degree these refugees are also now contributing to the
society of Hong Kong. This research project seeks to assess the degree of
contributions by African refugees who are supported by the Branches of Hope an
arm of the Vine Church in Hong Kong and also determine what factors have been
most important in enabling them to contribute. However, major findings of the
study have been discussed in this chapter in respect of Branches of Hope
activities and ARs contributing capacities to the HK societies.
5.1 Findings and
discussion on Branches of Hope (BOH)
v
Role
of BOH in the Development of African Refugees
Ø Serving total numbers
of SSA Refugees
|
Total number |
Number |
Percentage |
|
·
African
·
Non-African
|
100 100
|
50% 50% |
Table 3: Serving total numbers of SSA
Refugees
While conducting this survey, it has
been finding out that, currently Branches of Hope serving about 200 refugees in
Hong Kong where 100 are Sub Saharan African refuges and remaining 400 are non-African.
Figure 1: Serving total numbers of SSA
Refugees
Figure 1 shows the ratio of serving
African refugees and non-African refugees by BOH to restore dignity, justice,
and hope to such marginalized and vulnerable in Hong Kong.
Ø Who visit The Vine Church think of Refugee
Visitors who visit the Vine Church think that the Vine church creates awareness about refugees in Church all the time and so members are familiar and appreciate having refugees. They also argued that some have good relationships with refugees.
Ø Extent of assistance that BOH provides to Refugees
In humanitarian, developmental, employment-generating, and social engagement issues BOH assists the refugees to a greater extent. The following table shows the assistance criteria of BOH.
|
S.L |
Types of assistance |
Nature of assistance |
|
A. |
Humanitarian |
Under humanitarian assistance, BOH provides welfare services like
rentals, food, clothes, medical fees, emotional counselling etc. |
|
B. |
Developmental |
Under developmental
assistance, BOH provides education related service like schools sending kids
to k-university, K3, Post-Secondary Education Assistance (PSEA), give
scholarships, pay tuition, online learning etc. Added they provides free teaching to the refugees in partnering with
other organizations like basic education of English and IT skills. |
|
C. |
Employment |
Under developmental
assistance, BOH provides employment opportunity. Like find companies to help in
process to get work permit. And for Asylum seekers- teach them to gather
skills to obtain resettlement opportunities from different countries under sponsorship
where they can get employed. |
|
D. |
Social engagement |
Under Social engagement
assistance, BOH provides help
refugees connect with the society and local community and play a vital role
to build bridge between refugees and Hong Kong community. |
Table-4: Extent of assistance that BOH
provides to Refugee
Besides, BOH provides living assistance like monthly cash allowance for rentals to families and singles; Ad-hoc assistance like emergency services whenever refugees need cash assistance on an emergency basis and pastoral care services like fellowship in every week through music/evangelism.
Ø Provide employment opportunities to refugees
They provide 12% employment opportunity for
refugees who are not as members but as part of their staff. The process of
employment is as same as the general people of Hong Kong as they apply like
anyone else. The reasons for employing refugees are they understand the work
and refugee community better, they also got skills and qualifications, they
know the culture, also diversifying the team. A refugee does the following
types of jobs like operations, outreach -talk to the people, administrative,
and management of projects, Law firms, waiters, recycling companies, security
guards, etc.
The above figure shows that BOH provides a 12% employment opportunity for African refugees where the refugee applies for employment like general people and the reasons for giving employment opportunities are that they have enough knowledge and understanding about the HK society as well refugee community, culture, etc. Even, they have enough qualification in some jobs like mediating as intercultural exchange. One official of BOH said that “if an asylum seeker has gained status as a refugee, we offer them employment according to their qualification. And If they don’t have we use their talents and skills to serve in different programs we offer like teaching Sunday school, worship.”
Ø Preferable programs of
refugees hosted by BOH
Though programs are situational,
refugees attend/prefer most humanitarian-welfare programs like rentals, food,
clothes, medical fees, emotional counselling, etc. And they also prefer to
developing programs for improving their capacity levels by attending different
classes. Besides, some prefer Bible school Programs where they study theology
courses, lessons, fellowship, English classes, and computers, etc. One member of BOH argued, they basically prefer training programs where they get
skills plus the fellowship where they get to network with others.
Ø Assist Refugees to find
employment
Ø Range of skill sets by BOH in securing refugees employment.
Humanitarian
workers (professionals) like doctors, nurses, drivers, farmers, need to get a
minimum standard level of qualifications that meet the standard of HK society
where the refugee must be met some writing test. And non-professional refugees
need to experience for conducting their preferable jobs like cleaning, house
management, and farming, etc. One
member of BOH argued, “We offer some jobs regarding their skills like
handiworks-painters, plumbers, gardeners, housemaids and mechanic, waiters and
waitresses, etc.”
Ø Assessing capacity of
BOH to make refugees a contributing members of society
The range of skill sets by refugees where BOH
assists in securing employment or volunteering in different categories. Like
|
Range of Skills |
Percentage |
|
Profession |
30% of refugees
come from their countries with degrees and work experience |
|
Diploma/vocational |
50% of refugees
hold diplomas/non degree qualification |
|
No
qualification |
20% of our
refugees come with no tertiary education |
Table-5:
Assessing capacity of BOH to make refugees a contributing members of society
Findings and Discussion on Refugee: African Refugees Context in Hong Kong
Ø
Findings
from Survey
There are in
total 25 ARs respondents in the survey, while 64% of them are male and 36% of
them are male. All respondent are aged 25 -50. Table-1 shows the demographic
information of the 50 survey respondents.
v
Demographic
information of respondents (Close and Open Questions Survey)
|
Characteristic |
No.
of Respondent & Percentage (%) |
|
|
No.
of Respondents |
(Percentage) |
|
|
Living Companion ·
Alone ·
With Family ·
Other |
15 6 4 |
60% 28% 12% |
|
Current living Standard ·
Good ·
Bad ·
Comfortable |
8 4 14 |
32% 12% 56% |
|
Previous living Standard (before coming) ·
Good ·
Bad ·
Comfortable |
2 23 |
8% 92% |
|
Gender ·
Male ·
Female |
16 9 |
64% 36% |
|
Length of Residence in Hong Kong ·
0-5 years ·
6-10 years ·
11-15 years ·
16-20 years ·
Above-20 years |
13 7 3 1 1 |
52% 28% 12% 4% 4% |
|
Received Education ·
Home Country ·
Hong Kong ·
Others |
16 5 4 |
64% 20% 16% |
|
Level of education ·
Bachelors ·
Masters ·
PdD ·
Vocational ·
Basic ·
No education |
6 1 - 6 5 7 |
24% 4% - 24% 20% 28% |
|
Language ·
Cantonese ·
Mandarin ·
Mother tongue ·
English ·
Other languages |
3 3 14 2 3 |
12% 12% 56% 8% 12% |
|
Place of origin ·
North Africa ·
East Africa ·
Central Africa ·
South Africa
|
11 9 3 2 |
44% 36% 12% 8% |
Table
7: Demographic information of respondents
Table
7 shows the demographic information of the African Refugees. According to the
above table based on the interview survey, 60% of the ARs belong to Hong Kong
society alone, where 28% belong to their family, and the remaining 12% belong
to HK society on the basis of their interest. When conducting this survey, it
has found that 56% refugees current living standard in HK society is
comfortable where 32% living standard is good and remaining 12% given the
different opinion that their living condition is not good due to the scarcity
of their employment opportunities. On the contrary, their previous living
standard was no good at all. According to the survey, 92% refugee said that
their previous living standard was bad where only 8% of refugee’s living
condition was good. In this study, 64%
respondents are male and 36% are female where 52% have been long as a refugee
in HK Up to 5 years, 28% have been long as refugee up to 10 years, 12% up to 15
years, 4% up to 20 years and remaining 4% have been long as a refugee in HK
society above 20 years.
However,
demographic information of ARs also focuses on their education, language, and
place of origin which are illustrated in the above table.
v Refugee application
process
|
Characterises/type |
No.
of Respondent & Percentage (%) |
|
|
No.
of Respondents |
Percentage |
|
|
·
Easy ·
Hard ·
Average |
1 19 5 |
4% 76% 20% |
|
Total
Respondents |
25 |
100% |
Table
8: Refugee application process
According
to the survey finding, is has observed that refugee application procedures in
HK are comparatively complex. The above table shows that only 4% of respondents
said that refugee application procedures are easy, except this 76% opined that
refugee application procedures are hard was 20% opined, refugees application
procedures are attainable.
v Reason of leave
|
Reasons |
No.
of Respondent & Percentage |
|
|
No.
of Respondents |
Percentage |
|
|
·
War ·
Poverty ·
Political Unrest ·
Persecution ·
Other |
2 4 5 13 1 |
8% 16% 20% 52% 4% |
|
Total
Respondents |
25 |
100% |
Table 9: Reason of leave
When
conducting this survey, researcher has tried to find out the reason that why the
ARs had left their own countries! In against of this questions numerous responses
have found.
According
to survey 8% said that they have left their own country due to war, 16% said
due to poverty, 20% said due to political unrest, 52% said due to persecution
and 4% has given various reasons. Conversely, in this question, most of them
they felt hazardous, unsafe and they did not find any way to survive their own
countries. That’s why they left their own countries for better life.
v Role of Education to
get Job
|
Type |
No.
of Respondent & Percentage |
|
|
No.
of Respondents |
Percentage |
|
|
·
Standard ·
Average ·
Not Applicable |
19 5 1 |
76% 20% 4% |
|
Total
Respondents |
25 |
100% |
Table 10: Role of Education to get Job
Table
5 shows the role of education to get jobs for refugees. According to the study
survey, 76% of respondents said standard education is a prerequisite to get a
good job and 20% said average education is helping to get a low-level job, but 4%
said education is not required to get a job at all sectors. They believed the
job depends on people’s skill and experience.
v How they come to be a
member of Branches of Hope
|
Type |
No.
of Respondent & Percentage |
|
|
No.
of Respondents |
Percentage |
|
|
·
Friend ·
Neighbour ·
Pastor ·
Refugee ·
Advertisement ·
Other |
2 3 6 11 - 3 |
8% 12% 24% 44% - 12% |
|
Total
Respondents |
25 |
100% |
Table 11: How they became a member of
Branches of Hope
Above table illustrates how refugee become a member of BOH. In this regard, 8% respondent said that they came to be a member of BOH as friends, 12% said as neighbours, 24% said as a pastor, 44% said as a refugee and remaining 12% as others.
v Type of help getting from Branches of Hope
|
Type |
No.
of Respondent & Percentage |
|
|
No.
of Respondents |
Percentage |
|
|
·
Living assistance ·
Spiritual support ·
Classroom assistance ·
Financial Assistance ·
Counselling ·
Training
|
14 5 4 15 22 5 |
56% 20% 16% 60% 88% 20% |
Table 12: Help from BOH
While
conducting this survey, it has been observed that ARs get numerous supports
from BOH. According to the above table, 56% are receiving living assistance supports,
20% are receiving spiritual supports, 16% are receiving classroom assistance,
60% are receiving financial assistance, 20% are receiving training and 88% are
receiving counseling supports from BOH.
Basically, BOH provides such supports for changing the socio-economic
conditions of ARs in HK so they can contribute to the HK society.
The
above figure represents that currently, several effective programs have
provided by BOH for ensuring the welfare of ARs in HK society. According to the
above figure, 30% respondents said that education is the most effective program
of BOH, 24% said training, 20% said office management programs, 66% said
counselling and 35% said financial assistance programs are the most effective
programs of BOH. Essentially BOH provides three categories of assistance,
namely reliefs, developmental and social reform based. All such programs are
currently playing a pivotal role to change the conditions of ARs in HK society.
v Training applicability
in practical life
|
Responses |
No.
of Respondents |
Percentage |
|
·
Yes ·
No ·
May be |
18 4 3 |
72% 16% 12% |
|
Total
no. of respondents |
25 |
100% |
Table 13: Training applicability in practical life
The
above figure represents the applicability of training in the practical life of
refugees. According to the survey questions, 72% of respondents said that they
can utilize training in their practice life through volunteering activities to
educate the people and for getting new jobs and new employment opportunities
which are received from BOH, 12% said that in some cases they can utilize such training.
But the remaining 16% said due to limited access to the job market they can’t
utilize such training in their practical life.
v Braches of Hope is working for getting employment
|
Responses |
No.
of Respondents |
Percentage |
|
·
Yes ·
No ·
To some extent |
14 1 10 |
56% 4% 40% |
|
Total
no. of respondents |
25 |
100% |
Table 14: Braches of Hope is working for getting employment
According
to the above table, it has been seen that 56% of refugees said that BOH is
working for getting employment opportunities for them through focusing skill
development activities where 40% said BOH is working for getting employment to
some extent. But on the other hand, 4% of refugees said that the working of BOH
is poor to get employment for refugees.
v Braches of Hope is
working for integrating in the society
|
Responses |
No.
of Respondents |
Percentage |
|
·
Yes ·
No ·
To some extent |
18 1 6 |
72% 4% 24% |
|
Total
no. of respondents |
25 |
100% |
Table 15: Braches of Hope is working for
integrating in the society
The above table illustrates that 72% of refugees said that BOH is working for integrating society through cultural interexchange activities where 24% said BOH is working for integrating society to some extent. But on the other hand, 4% of refugees said that the working of BOH is poor for integrating society because they cannot serve the whole refugee community at a time.
v Contributing skills and
capacity of refugee in Hong Kong society
The above figure represents the skills and
capacities of refugees to serve Hong Kong society. While conducting the survey,
it has found that 90% of respondents want to serve society by giving cooking
and cleaning services because they said they have adequate capacities in these
sectors. Besides, 42% of refugees argued that they have organizing skills to
manage any events and they want to work under these sectors to serve the HK
society. Accordingly, 40% of respondents contended that they have skills in IT
sectors to serve the community and besides 35% shows their capacity in
translating cultural issues where they act as mediators between Hong Kong and
the refugee community.
Conversely, the whole ARs argued that they can also contribute to sustain and increase the education level for those who are continuing and who are dropped in Hong Kong society. They added that they can play a role as mediators between Hong Kong and refugee communities as well as cultural exchange. Moreover, else, refugees can help the vulnerable group through research activities with respect to education and training issues.
v Possibility of uses skills in voluntary and employment opportunities
|
Responses |
No.
of Respondents |
Percentage |
|
·
Yes ·
No ·
To some extent |
15 3 7 |
60% 12% 28% |
|
Total
no. of respondents |
25 |
100% |
Table 16: Possibility of uses skills in
voluntary and employment opportunities
According
to the above table, 60% of respondents said that they can use their acquired
skills in voluntary purposes and for getting employment opportunities while 28%
said to some extent. But on the contrary, 12% said that they cannot use their
acquired knowledge and skills due to the available opportunity.
v Charitable help
|
Nature
of help |
No.
of Respondents & Percentage
|
|
|
No.
of Respondents |
Percentage |
|
|
·
Weekly ·
Monthly ·
Yearly ·
Never |
1 16 22 3 |
4% 64% 88% 12% |
Table 17: Charitable help
The above table shows that ARs plays a significant role in charitable help. Following the above table 88% refugees said that they can contribute for charitable purposes in yearly where 64% are contributing monthly, and 4% weekly.
This
study also focus on what need to be done to bring better understanding for the
contribution to the HK society! In respect of this questions, 76% refugees
argued that they have need more employment opportunities to access themselves as a contributor where
80% said that they have need more financial support, and 64% said they have
need recognition to for the contribution to the HK society. In conformity with
56% said they have need equal access to resources and adequate media supports. However,
as they are help seekers, researcher observed that they can contribute to the
HK society in above way.
Chapter-Six
Conclusion and
Recommendations
|
Chapter
summary According to data analysis, under the umbrella of research
questions, findings have been drawn in this chapter. With this attempt, the
related recommendation has been given in line with the finding and analysis
for contributing capacities of ARs in Honk Kong societies under the
cooperation of Branches of Hope. |
|
|
6.1
Conclusion
The main purpose of this study is to find out the role of Branches of Hope and their impacts on refugees, and how refugees can contribute HK societies through using their capacities. All the study questions have been clearly demonstrated in this research. Question answer 1 proclaimed that Branches of Hope has played a significant role in Refugees for changing their current socio-economic conditions. Initially, BOH provides relief, developmental, and social reform supports to the refugees. But in-depth, they provide humanitarian assistance like welfare services i.e rentals, food, clothes, medical fees, emotional counselling, etc.; provide developmental services such as education services i.e schools sending kids to k-university, K3, Post-Secondary Education Assistance (PSEA), give scholarships, pay tuition, online learning, provide basic English knowledge and IT training and also provide employment assistance like working scope, sponsorship for employment and resettlement opportunities for ensuring the development of refugees in HK. And it is strongly argued that BOH has a positive impact on African refugees to change their socio-economic conditions.
Question answer 2 clearly shows that refugees in HK have several capacities to contribute the society. For instance, among the total African refugees in Hong Kong, based on survey 52% (24%, Bachelor’s, 4% Masters, 24% Vocational) are educated refugees who have to provide basic education services to the rest peoples on HK. Besides, it has found that in HK 90% refugees have cooking and cleaning capacities, 42% of refugees have organizing skills to manage any events, 40% of respondents have IT skills in, and 35% have translating capacities, some have driving capacities and rest of them have volunteering capacities.
Question answer 3
proclaimed that African refugees in HK have contributed to HK society through
providing pay taxes, charitable giving, cultural diversity, coaches in the
sport, coaches in dances, volunteering services to the vulnerable,
environmental service, labour services, etc. Even in a pandemic situation, they
provide spontaneous volunteering services to contribute to the HK society. Conversely, they can also contribute to
sustain and increase the education level for those who are continuing and who
are dropped in Hong Kong society. Similarly, they can play the role of mediators
between Hong Kong and refugee communities as well as cultural exchange.
In the long run,
it can be said that BOH as a local Non-profit organization has a greater
contribution to improving the conditions of African refugees in HK society.
This organization fosters refugees’ dream, desire, and aspiration of life by
conducting various social and development activities that are discussed above.
And also this organization brings confidence by creating awareness in refugees'
minds that refugees also have many potentialities to do something for their new
home country. On the other hand, refugees also work with BOH in a cooperative
and collaborative way. They have already shown their capacity for the
development of HK society. In the present pandemic situation, many refugees are
engaged in volunteer activities. They proved their skill and experience in
various sectors like professional sectors and the labour market in HK.
It is also
observed that several African refugees contribute to an increase in HK GDP by
producing more production. During crisis moments of the host country, they
perform as volunteers like in the Covid-19 pandemic situation some refugees
engaged with cleaning activities. If refugees get a work permit, training,
education facilities, and other basic needs at all levels they can more
flourish their capacity to be a contributing member and overall development for
their new home country. However, from the above discussion, it is easy to
understand that African refugees have the capacity to contribute to their host
country if they get the proper opportunity. They can also be a part of human
capital and resource for their host country. So it is high time all sectors
should (administration, society) support refugees especially ARs to make them
contributing members in HK society. It is hoped that the HK govt. will take
necessary measures for the protection of the marginalized group so that, they
can be proved they are not burdened rather than they are assets and contribute
HK society as a part of HK.
Based
on the research findings, there are given some recommendations to the BOH, policymakers
as well as the community advocates in order to combat the challenges. These are
v Build a social network and cooperative relationship with local people. Because negative relationship affects their health and wellbeing.
v The right to work is a basic economic, social and cultural human right for all people. This right should be protected.
v It is need to develop a harmonious community, people will need to know more about them as humans, instead of being misconception about refugees. It should enhance a closer interaction between the locals and refugees to promote respect for social integration and understanding among the community.
v Provide attention to ensure public education, organizational education and training for everyone providing services, beyond the cultural exchange.
v Expanded
NPO's program for concerning the development and welfare of marginalized
peoples as well as refugees.
v Reduce dependency on NPO and raising the contributions of Hong Kong government as well as administration to take effective measures for eradicating ARs in Hong Kong and to provide adequate opportunities & support so that they can contribute the HK society to a greater extent.
v Retract Self-confidence (restore dignity) is a motivating factor that strengthens the willingness of refugees essentially to serve the HK society as a contributing member. So authority and NPO or well-wisher should take such intrinsic and extrinsic initiatives to make refugees as contributing members.
However, in fine, it
can be said, it is very important to determine that if refugees can contribute
to societies and if there are factors to facilitate, the society, as well as
the host country, will be benefited to a greater extent. And if refugees get
the required opportunity to flourish themselves, they can use their own
ability, quality and other efficiency and effectiveness to ensure
socio-economic, cultural, and political development of host countries. So it is
to need to remove the barriers for refugees who want to work and to enable them
to do professional work with skills and qualifications because it is sturdily
believed that they have the potentiality to make a positive contribution to
societies in a number of ways.
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